Spanish Influenza - Hamilton Ontario 1918 Part 14

 “Although there are signs that the worst of the influenza epidemic has been passed, there were 79 more cases reported to the board of health during the past 24 hours. However, a large number of these were old cases which had just been reported. Today’s list of fatalities shows seven deaths. A general consensus from the province indicates an abatement of the disease.”

Hamilton Spectator.    October 24, 1918

Hamilton’s beleaguered medical health officer had some positive news regarding a request that he had made to workers commuting between their homes and places of employment :

 “The request of Dr. Roberts, that employees who do not live more than a mile or two from their work to walk to it, instead of using the streetcars, has already borne fruit. Many followed his advice today, and it is believed that ‘walk to your work’ will be a popular slogan which the epidemic is on.

“In this way, congestion in street railway traffic can be relieved, and the danger of spreading the contagion can be greatly reduced. Street cars are among the greatest breeders of disease germs

“Walk to your work and combat the scourge.”¹

¹   “More Evidence That Epidemic is Dying Out : 79 Cases Reported, But Many of Them Were Old :”

Hamilton Spectator.    October 24, 1918.

For those living too far from their work, and who had to use the street car system, the Herald offered the following:

 “The crowding of street cars, at time when working tickets can be used, is a feature of the closing order which is objected by residents. Many complaints have been made. The medical health officer stated this morning that it was impossible for him to issue an order prohibiting the overcrowding of conveyances. He stated that the city of Toronto has been fighting the railway company through all the courts, and had not yet gained a verdict. He also stated that it would co-operate to any extent with the health officials. “

 “George Waller, general manager of the street railway, when spoken to this morning, said that his company had not received a request, or yet an order from the board of health to stop crowding on the cars.

“ ‘Would you atop the crowding if asked to do so’ he was asked.

“ ‘ I cannot say,’ he replied. ‘The company would give the matter serious consideration. The health officials have been notified that we would co-operate with them The only way crowding could be stopped would be to close the doors when the cars became filled and not allow any more people on.’ ”²

²“More Deaths From the ‘Flu’ Reported Today : There is Still Much of It in City, But It is Said to Be Abating ; Many Pathetic Cases and Great Need of More Nurses.”

Hamilton Herald.      October 24, 1918.

The members of the board of health and Dr. Roberts had a full agenda when they met on October 24, 1918 :

“This morning the board of health held a meeting at which several important matters were under consideration. One of them came in the form of a letter from Bishop Clarke, on behalf of the Anglican clergy of the city, asking for a modification of the official proclamation so that religious gatherings of 25 or less might be permitted. The board gave this matter serious attention, but it was decided that in the interests of public health, the terms of the proclamation would have to be strictly adhered to in this regard.

“The bishop’s letter follows :

                                                                             October 22, 1918

“To the Members of the Board of Health, Hamilton, Ont.

Gentlemen : A week ago I called together the Anglican clergy in active service in this city to the number of twenty, to consider how we could best support the board of health in their strenuous efforts to reduce the ravages of the pestilence which has come upon our city, and how we could afford the devout members of our church opportunities to meet for united prayer and intercession to Almighty God to avert the scourge.

We all felt that it could not be eradicated by mere physical remedies, the cause and the cure being as yet beyond the comprehension of our ablest medical men.

We recognize that the Author of national sufferings has righteous reason for His dispensations, though mysterious to us. We believe, however, that by uniting together in humiliation before Him, and fervently imploring him to avert the calamity, that His merciful interposition may be expected.

I cannot tell you, gentlemen what disappointment it gave me on hearing of your decision.

I am advised that you studiously omitted from your ‘proclamation’ the limited permission approved of by the medical health officer, viz. that churches remain open for private prayer and for services of intercession, provided that not more than twenty-five persons are allowed to assemble at one time, and you ordered in pace thereof that every house of God in the city should be hermetically sealed until further notice.

At the same time, I understand, you gave permission to all industrial, commercial and business institutions, in which in many cases large numbers are congregated and the length of service is from eight to ten hours a day, to continue as heretofore.

You have also promised to permit meetings to be held to promote Victory Loans etc.

From a medical standpoint your ‘proclamation’ will avail but little. From a religious standpoint, we feel that you may more than wounded the feelings of hundreds of our citizens

In this land of religious freedom, the feelings and wishes, even of a minority of the people, should be seriously considered.

May I express the hope that the decision you arrived at is not final, but that you may, on further thought, reconsider your action with regard to church services, and grant that before next Sunday some measure of relief may be given to those who feel very keenly in this matter. Believe me.

                                      Very faithfully yours,

                                                WILLIAM NIAGARA”

“Another letter from Dr. Duvall, the local chiropractor, offering his assistance, was read, and this will likewise receive further consideration from the board.

“The newly-organized local branch of the Ontario Voluntary Emergency Health auxiliary, with Controller Jutten as president, and Mrs. Harry Carpenter, as vice-president, completed arrangements for co-operation with the board of health. The board agreed to meet necessary expenses, if properly vouched for by the board.”¹

Two short items kept all informed on two ongoing matters of interest in the epidemic fight:

 “There will be a meeting tonight at the Y.W.C.A. at 8 o’clock for women who are willing to volunteer their services as nurses. A lecture will be given by a doctor and a practical demonstration in the care of ‘flu’ patients by a nurse. So far 60 women have offered their services and are now engaged in their mission of mercy. One hundred more women volunteers – women in good health, who will make this sacrifice for the suffering ones - are needed. They should apply at the Y.W.C.A.

“The Canadian Patriotic fund’s relief hospital is now practically filled, and in view of the difficulty of obtaining further nursing assistance, the accommodation will not likely be increased, unless matters become more serious.

“Admittance will be available, of course, from time to time, as patients recover and are discharged. All of the patients are doing well under the careful treatment of their physicians and the care of the competent nurses and assistants who are giving their services to this patriotic effort in the present epidemic.”¹

It seems that there was an overwhelming number of sad situations resulting from the flu :

“Spanish influenza has hit many families especially hard, and more than one local doctor could tell tales of extreme sufferings among his patients. One of the most unfortunate cases yet heard of was that of a family residing on the mountain, where ten children were all ill with the disease, and the mother, worn out with nursing her little ones, also fell a victim. A V.A.D. nurse, who was finally secured to care for the sufferers, contracted the disease too, making her the twelfth in this one house.

“Another instance which was related by a local physician concerned a family residing near the Jockey club. Called to the house, he found a small child sick of the ‘flu’ and on returning in the evening to ascertain its condition, could not gain access to the house. Suspecting from certain circumstances that all was not well, the anxious medico clambered in by way of a window, only to find the mother of the child had become ill, and was walking distractedly about the house in delirium.” ¹

A particularly sad, if odd, incident in the flu epidemic was reported in the Hamilton Herald:

 “W. Lees, of Crompton & Crompton, real estate dealers, had a rather unpleasant experience last night, when he was showing a foreigner through a house at 136 Frederick avenue. The foreigner was looking it over before buying it, and the house was occupied. Mr. Lees opened one of the bedroom doors to let the man have a peep at the interior and was startled to find a man dead on the bed. He promptly asked the occupant of the house if he knew that there was a dead man upstairs. He replied : ‘Sure, he’sa bin there some time

“At that Mr. Lees notified the police who soon arrived in the patrol wagon.

“On investigation it was found that the man had died about two hours before, and the undertaker had been notified. He died from an attack of the ‘flu.’ There will not be an inquest.”²

² “Died of Influenza : Man Who Was Looking for a House Startled to Find Corpse”

Hamilton Spectator.    October 24, 1918.

Finally, the Hamilton Herald, as did its competitors, fired off a series of short items on the epidemic:

“Hallowe’en this year will be one celebrated without the use of false faces. The M.H.O. has put a ban on the use of them. It is stated that this is necessary in the interests of public health.

“The M.H.O., in speaking of the general situation, stated that he thought it improved today, and that it would not be very long before it was wiped out in this city. Dr. Mullin is quoted as saying that the epidemic would be wiped out in a week if all resorted to the use of masks.

“Restaurant keeper and hotel men have begun to feel the effect of the ‘flu.’ Many of them, it is stated are doing less than half the business they formerly did. The street railway cannot see how the cars can be crowded when business is cut more than half. According to figures the line is being operated on a close margin, if not at a loss. The business of last Sunday fell far below half of that done the Sunday before. All branches of trade have suffered owing to the plague.

“If help is urgently needed  in the house, if there is a shortage of food or fuel, call up emergency health nurses, Regent 130. Act promptly. Relief will be sent as soon as possible. The emergency health nurses are acting for the medical health officer. Make a note of the number. Regent 130, S.O.S., Sisters of Service.

                  

“The small staff of nurses employed by the board of health on outside nursing reports many pathetic cases. One nurse yesterday reported a case on Bay street, that was truly sad. The located, almost located in an alley, had no sewer, and with the entire family stricken down is in a filthy condition. The mother and wife was almost dying, and a small son was in a horrible condition. The neighbors had been kind enough to send in nourishing food, but had done nothing to make the sick comfortable. The food had been placed in the hall, and the people inside were so sick that they could not get it.

 “A distressing case was brought to the attention of Secretary Almond, local patriotic office, early this morning. Mrs. Taylor and her ten children, the oldest being a daughter 17 years old, residing on East 24^th street, Mount Hamilton, had been discovered all stricken with the disease. Three of the youngsters were in serious condition, so Mr. Arnold immediately arranged for their removal to the Patriotic fund hospital, south James street. In the meanwhile, Miss Cook, daughter of Otto W. Cook, Pasenda Apartments and Miss McIlwraith, two voluntary nurses are in attendance at the Taylor home bestowing every attention to the mother and children. Besides the husband and father serving with the colors ‘over there,’ a son Pte. Taylor is also ‘carrying on’ overseas. Mr. Taylor, jr., left here with the 129^th battalion.

 “Following several complaints from local physicians and others against expectorating in public places, Dr. James Roberts, M.H.O., has informed east end manufacturing concerns that precautions must be taken against this dangerous practice. As an aid to ‘flu’ this practice is said by several to be on a par with sneezing and congregating in crowds in theaters and dance halls. The health authorities have decided that it must cease and while a war against it is being made in factories, it is suggested by the M.H.O. that the police enforce the regulation on the streets.”³

³“More Deaths From the ‘Flu’ Reported Today : There is Still Much of It in City, But It is Said to Be Abating ; Many Pathetic Cases and Great Need of More Nurses.”

Hamilton Herald.      October 24, 1918.

Spanish Influenza - Hamilton Ontario 1918 Part 13

It was a headline which most Hamiltonians had been longing to see.

On October 23, 1918, the Spectator reassuringly headlined a front page article in the following way:

“Influenza Scourge Is Diminishing Now : Health Authorities Believe That Hamilton is Over Crest of Epidemic”¹

¹ Hamilton Spectator.    October 23, 1918.

In that same day’s issue of the Spectator, an editorial addressed the recent good news, mixing in some cautionary advice :

“Dr. McCullough, the provincial medical health officer, announces that by Friday the influenza epidemic will have past its worse in Ontario. That is a most comforting assurance based on the experiences of other places visited by the scourge. Already reports are coming in from some points that an abatement of the disease is discernible. In the meantime, the local situation is being handled in a manner which reflects the greatest credit upon those who have volunteered to cope with it. Conspicuous among them is the Ontario Volunteer Aid association, the Hamilton branch of which was organized last night. For the promotion of this valuable body, Mrs. Henry Carpenter, the efficient and energetic vice-president, is deserving of great credit.

“With six hospitals in the city fighting the disease, and with Mr. Lovering’s scheme for caring for the patients among the soldiers’ dependents in operation, Hamilton has met the crisis in a prompt and praiseworthy manner. There seems to be no sure preventive of the disease. The fact that one-fourth of the city’s doctors have contracted the ailment through attending their patients shows how highly infectious it is. The only safeguard is to avoid all risk, and take every precaution. The authorities are doing everything possible to grapple with the situation ; it is the duty of all to second their efforts.”²

² “At the Crest”

Hamilton Spectator.    Editorial October 23, 1918.

While the slight downward trend in the numbers of cases and fatalities reported was welcome, it did not mean that the epidemic was over:

“The little army of doctors and nurses continue to battle with might and main. There were many cases of distress to be attended to, particularly those in which entire families were laid low by the plague. Physicians’ phones were ringing continuously, and many complaints of inability to get any medical assistance whatever. The doctors, however, protest against the practice some people have of putting in calls four or five times. They say they are rushing to attend cases in the order in which they are reported, and are doing everything they can.”¹

Clearly the health emergency was still very much present, and the heroic effort to provide more and more nurses and spaces for hospital accommodation could only go so far given the numbers of Hamiltonians in distress or succumbing to the ‘flu.

There was a call for people to look out after one another :

“Much of the distress is caused by the failure of neighbors to lend a hand to sick families owing to fear that they might be caught by the infection. Relief Officer McMenemy has his attention called to several such cases. In one instance, a woman and two children were sick and neighbors declined to lend any assistance. Dr. Roberts finally secured help for them.

“Another extreme case on Mary street was brought to his notice. A woman whose husband was in hospital in France, was sick with her two little ones, one of them aged eight years and the other two. They were all in bed with no one to render them any assistance. The relief officer called Dr. Roberts and he finally secured admission for them to the general hospital, Dr. Langrill making room for them. On Stanley avenue, a family consisting of a man, his wife, and two children were all in bed suffering from the influenza.”

An example of people helping out each in the face of the matter was shown by members of the city’s Italian community :

 “One of the saddest cases yet reported where the deadly influenza has carried off the breadwinner came to notice this morning. An Italian, Benedetto Grottoli by name, 243 Brant street, was taken ill on Saturday and died in the city hospital on Sunday. Grottoli’s wife is a helpless cripple, and had only recently returned to her home after having spent months in the hospital. She has five small children to care for and little or no means. Her fellow-countrymen are raising a subscription to temporarily care for the family.”³

³ “Sad Case : Italian Dies, Leaving Cripple Wife and Large Family”

Hamilton Spectator.     October 23, 1918.

A long-standing tradition was in full force in 1918, criticism of Hamilton City Hall

“To the Editor : It was with great interest that I read the article in Tonight’s paper on Uncalled For Noise, and I quite agreed with every word of it.

“I, too, have just recovered from an attack of the ‘flu’ and know the effects of ‘cut-outs’ and express wagons on a person too sick to raise his head. We can muffle our own telephones and door bells, but it is up to the city to muffle the cut outs and other needless noises. It seems to me that the whole city should be treated as a hospital district.

“Wouldn’t it be nice if, for once, the city council could make up and accomplish something beneficial without quite so much red tape, discussions and ‘lay-it-overs?’

                                                          EXPERIENCE

Monday, October 21, 1918⁴

                Dr. Roberts in one of his daily interviews with the press, commented on the status of a Board of Health order that had come under considerable criticism :

“Responding to protests against the opening wide of all windows in street cars, the board of health yesterday effected a modification of the original order. It was agreed that all ventilators should be opened, the central window of each vestibule, and one window on each side of the car. This went into effect this morning and brought vast relief.

“ ‘We have given the people enough fresh air for the next few days,’ said Dr. Roberts. He said that his investigation showed that the complaints formerly made that the ventilators were closed tight were mostly without foundation. Regarding the complaints that the Dundas and other suburban cars were overcrowded, he said that this could not be avoided, any more than could the city street cars when the workmen poured from the factories.”¹

As he had been for some time, Dr. Roberts came under criticism for his handling of the flu epidemic. This time it came in the words of a Letter to the Editor”

 “To the Editor : I notice in Saturday’s Spectator our M.O.H. Dr. Roberts’ condemnation of the mask for prevention of ‘flu,’ and it really strikes me as being rather a joke.

“Some time ago, Senator Staunton mentioned eucalyptus oil as being a preventive of colds and grippe, he stating that he had used it for many years. I have also used it, and I dare say you have, as thousands of others.

“I think it was Mr. Lennox who suggested the use of Sulphur in the shoes, an old practice and, I believe, a good one. This is what my dear mother used to do with us kids when we were going to school.

“My physician and yours and hundreds of other prominent doctors have told us on various occasions when threatened with an attack of the grippe to go to bed, take a good hot toddy and lemon with one or two quinine capsules, do you remember the result ? – cure.

“Wearing of camphor as a preventive is also prescribed by some – this is also an old practice. Children at school some years ago were fitted up with the little camphor bag, spring and fall, to prevent disease.

“Now, here we have some of the suggestions : Eucalyptus oil, Sulphur, liquor, quinine, camphor, and the mask, all of which have been condemned by Dr. Roberts.

“I note also that the doctor was not in favor of the closing of schools, churches, theaters, etc., as a measure of prevention, while in some other cities the M.O.H. deemed it advisable to do this after one or two cases had been reported – Winnipeg for instance; and have their cases of ‘flu’ numbered anything like those of Hamilton, not forgetting also the number of deaths from this dread disease? Surely, if these have proven of benefit to others, they should do as much for Hamilton people.

“Now, just one thing that I would like to take the liberty of asking, and I think I am entitled to ask the question.

“If Dr. Roberts knows all these things to be of no use, and many of them to be not only useless but harmful, will he please come across and  tell us something that is good?

“Surely it is not a good policy to condemn everything that is suggested unless he can, at the same time, tell us of something that is some good.

                                                A . E. Hampson.⁵

          ⁵“Influenza Preventives”

          Hamilton Spectator.      October 21, 1918

Spanish Influenza - Hamilton Ontario 1918 Part 12

“The influenza death toll in Hamilton has been increased today by twelve and the number of cases reported to the board of health makes it quite plain that the disease has by no means been checked. During the past week the death rate has been very high in the city, and a large number of deaths have been the direct result of ‘flu.’

“With the staff on hand, the cemetery authorities are finding it difficult to handle their work. The casket factories, with their heavy shipping orders, are working to capacity and have not a casket ahead, according to the undertakers’ reports. They state that it is necessary to order a casket when it is needed, and in many cases delivery of it is held up several hours.”

Hamilton Herald.    October 22, 1918.

A major meeting was held at the Hamilton City Hall, with the goal of establishing a volunteer organization with the hope of attracting women to contribute to helping those afflicted with influenza :

“Mayor Booker presided at the opening, and stated that many reports were in circulation which were causing close to panic. He stated that one minister he knew made the assertion that there had 500 deaths in this city from ‘flu.’ He deprecated that sort of talk.

“Dr. Roberts stated that the hospitals were full, and visitation of homes that were afflicted was the only course that could be pursued to advantage. He therefore went on record as being in favor of the forming of the auxiliary. He stated that with seven or eight nurses last week, over 300 visits had been made, and in some cases the stay lasted as long as 13 to 20 hours. He also admitted that the board of health was not in a position to meet its obligations so far as nursing was concerned.

“The mayor impressed it upon those present that the organization, when formed, would work under the direction of the board of health, and that Mrs. Carpenter and her associates in the auxiliary would no doubt be of great assistance.”¹

¹  “Twelve More Deaths Are Due to Epidemic : There is No Abatement in Ravages of Influenza : Dr. Roberts Laughed at Criticism of Minsters”

Hamilton Herald.    October 22, 1918.

A strongly-respected voice, that of Dr. Mullin, contributed greatly to the meeting :

“Dr. Mullin stated that confidence was necessary. ‘We must bear in mind that the board of health is doing a lot of work that the public find hard to appreciate.’

“He said : ‘The medical profession is, and will do its utmost to combat this epidemic. Twenty-five per cent of the doctors in this city have been hit with the ‘flu.’ Several of them have been very close to the great beyond, and Dr. Graham has passed away, a victim to it. He pointed out how the seriousness of epidemic had been demonstrated in the past two weeks by the advent of well over 6000 cases. He also laid emphasis on the necessity of caring for those who were afflicted and who were unable to be cared for in the hospital. The doctor laid great stress on the prevention of the disease, and announced that the incubation time of the germ was two to four days, and that a person could be infected for that period without any visible sickness or the disease making itself manifest. A mask was not an absolute protection, and it was his wish not to enforce people to wear them, as they would become careless with them, and thus cause the wearing of a mask to be dangerous.

“ ‘In quiet talk,’ the doctor continued, ‘germs from the nose and throat carry a distance of four feet away from the person, and loud talking, coughing and sneezing propel the germ at least ten feet. You can see how urgent it is that every precaution be taken, and that gatherings be refrained from. The best-organized health departments in America have almost fallen down in the battle against this epidemic, and should it gain aheadway here the casualties would be appalling. There is no question but what the disease is being spread mostly by people who do not know they are infected. I do not think that people infected and people who are recovering cause very much spreading. There are cases on the wards that are exceedingly sick, and who die within a few hours of their hospital admittance. There is no better scheme to cope with the situation than this S.O.S. call

“ ‘It must be impressed that after the temperature is again normal that it is necessary to stay in bed at least three days. A strange thing in this disease is that the majority of those who die have had partial recoveries, and gotten up before it was time. Those who do always have a relapse, and many of them prove fatal. Inflammation of the lungs sets in, and with this complication that at once become a serious case. Hamilton has made a name for itself in matters of finance, but I contend that this is far more important than any Victory loan yet launched. Many who recover are unfit to assume their duties for a long time. What is needed is some strong organization to assist in this crisis.’

 “Mrs. Carpenter announced that she had gotten together some 100 women who had been lectured to, and would soon be ready to graduate from the class.

“T. H. Pratt, chairman of the hospital board, stated that immediate action was necessary, and urged that the volunteers present themselves. He laid stress on the urgent need of assistance, stating that all hospitals were working to capacity.

“Norman Clark, chairman of the board of health, who has taken a very active part in conjunction with Dr. Roberts and Controller Jutten, in handling the health matters of the city, stated that the board of health would stand behind Mrs. Carpenter in any expense she had incurred up to the present. It had not laid aside an amount of money to be expended but would go the limit, always with economy in sight.”¹

Despite the Board of Health ban on public gatherings would not literally affect the city’s churches until the following Sunday, at least one of the city’s clergy blasted the ban from his pulpit at St. Philip’s Church;

“On Sunday in St. Philip’s church, Rev. C. B. Kenrick made a vigorous protest at the closing of the churches. They were doing a hard and necessary work in the community, and the authorities had given them many knocks. Recruiting meetings and entertainments held under various pretexts had unsettled people’s habits in churchgoing on Sunday evenings. Now the board of health had shut up the churches altogether. What he especially objected to was the interdicting of the brief relay services at which no more than 25 people were to have been present, on which the Church of England clergy had unanimously resolved. Even early communion service was forbidden. Why, he asked, if the danger were so great, were not the factories and the stores closed? He did not think the doctors were of one mind in the matter, and declared the closing of churches was just a piece of camouflage to fool the public and satisfy a clamor in certain quarters. It was as futile a preventive measure as it was wicked. The Lord had commanded him as a priest to ‘do this in remembrance of Me.’ Was he to harken to the board of health when they said to him, ‘Don’t do this?’ St. Paul had an unmeasured contempt for human laws when they conflicted with the laws of God. If the apostle had been in Hamilton at the present day, he would have directed the clergy to ignore the proclamation, and continue their work as usual. And they should be willing to go to prison for their convictions, as St. Paul did – if the medical board dared to send them there. Gatherings essential to the winning of the war were exempted from the provisions of the proclamation. Thereby the doctors showed their lack of religion and faith. Prayer was essential to the winning of the war, and united prayer was more efficacious than that offered by individuals. The offering of the church’s oblation at the altar was much more important than knitting socks or making Red Cross bandages. Yet assisting at the altar and receiving communion was forbidden, while attendance at Red Cross meetings was encouraged. He stigmatized the interdict as inspired by the enemy of mankind. While the doctors had different theories and treatments, and churches were open in Toronto, while they were closed here, there was one piece of advice which he could give them about which there was no doubt, and that was ‘My brethren be strong in the Lord, and in the Power of His might.’ ”²

²“Another Protest : Rev. C. B. Kenrick Takes Exception to Closing Churches”

Hamilton Spectator.    October 22, 1918.

As was the case since the epidemic began, Dr. Roberts was the focus for the press, as reporters daily sought him out :

 “That the board of health is so busy combatting the influenza that it had no time to look to the enforcement of its own order, that all windows on street cars should be opened wide, was the assessment of Dr. Roberts, M.H.O., this morning, when it was brought to his attention that the order was practically ignored today.

“ ‘The order is there, and so it stands,’ said Dr. Roberts, ‘but we are so busy attending to the sick that we haven’t time to look after matters of secondary importance.’

“ ‘But do you regard the enforcement of this order as of secondary importance?’ Dr. Roberts was asked.

‘ ‘No, I don’t; but we are so rushed that there is no time to enforce anything now,’ was the reply.

“The street railway employees held a meeting to decide whether they would take out the cars at all, and they finally decided to take them out of the barns, only on agreeing to keep all windows closed at 6.

“This was pointed out to Dr. Roberts.

‘ ‘Are the street railway employees to openly defy the board of health’s order, or will the order be relaxed?’ he was asked.

“Dr. Roberts replied that the order would not be relaxed, but at present, the matter would stand. The whole staff was so busy that nothing else could be attended to just now.

“ ‘The weather is such that nobody will get any harm through the windows being left open, and, anyway, in other cities there are no street cars at all,’ said the health officer said. ‘The conductors tell me that they can’t keep the windows open. The passengers simply walk in and put them up again. What are we to do?’

“So the order remains at present partly ignored. The conductors and motormen are bitter in their complaints against the regulations, and it is forecasted that if it is rigidly enforced, scores of resignations are due. Already a large number of employees are off, having either quit or taken cold. There is a general disposition to defy the order. Most of the cars this morning had from three to six windows partly opened, while in some the windows were closed tight, the ventilators only being used. The discomforts attending the open cars were becoming unbearable, the men stated. Seven cars were out of commission on Sunday, and a large number yesterday, owing to the shortage of men. The company is paying men 55 cents per hour to work overtime.

“Dr. Roberts this morning issued a call for nurses and volunteer workers to attend to the sick at their homes. In scores of houses, there is no one to attend to the common wants of the sick, and neighbors are often averse to exposing themselves to infection. At present the medical forces are entirely inadequate to cope with the pestilence. Dr. Roberts received many calls from people who had been unable to secure a physician.

“ ‘Anybody with the instincts of humanity will do what they can in this crisis. Anybody who can pour out a cup of tea or change a night dress can help,’ he said.

“The medical health officer last night was working on the epidemic till the early hours of today. He said today that the strain was beginning to tell on him.

“The familiar Halloween false faces will be missing from the celebrations this year. Dr. Roberts this morning stated that they would not be allowed, on account of the danger of infection through being passed from one person to another.”³

³ “Car Crews Opposed to the M.H.O.’s Order : Can’t Stand the Windows Open in Cold Weather : Twelve More Deaths Here Due to Influenza : Quantity of Vaccine Received from Toronto”

Hamilton Spectator.    October 22, 1918.

October 22, 1918 was typical of the epidemic in Hamilton, when it was at its worst :

“Twelve deaths have been reported in Hamilton from influenza during the past 24 hours. Twenty more cases were reported to the board of health this morning, but it is admitted that only an inconsiderable percentage of the cases are reported.”³

Spanish Influenza - Hamilton Ontario 1918 Part 11

“To a Hamilton physician belongs the honor of having discovered and first used the preventive vaccine which minimizes the dangers of the virulent scourge of Spanish influenza which is ravaging the country.”

Hamilton Spectator.    October 21, 1918

On October 21, 1918, the people of Hamilton at last could read some hopeful news regarding the fight against the Spanish Influenza which was causing so much suffering, and death in the city:

“It was announced today that Dr. Jaffray, pathologist at the city hospital, who two weeks ago produced an influenza vaccine, which has since been administered to almost a thousand people, is now working on a serum. The serum will be based on the principle of diphtheria serum and made from the blood of patients who have recovered from influenza. The vaccine is used as a preventive and the serum will be administered to patients stricken with the disease.

“And Hamilton was two weeks ahead of the other places which claim the distinction of having discovered the preventive vaccine!

“Two weeks ago Sunday, the first soldiers were inoculated with Dr. Jaffray’s vaccine, which was made from one of the fatal cases here.

“Since that time, it has been supplied to doctors free of charge. Owing to the difficulty of preparing the vaccine in large quantities, the cultivation of the germ being a delicate matter, Dr. Jaffray stated that he had run out several times, but the preparation goes steadily on, and at present he has a good supply.

“ ‘We haven’t been making a big noise,’ said Dr. Jaffray this morning, ‘but we’re right here with the goods! It’s the same vaccine as Rosenow’s, and as the Toronto people’s. So far, we’ve given out 800 or 1,000 doses, and close observation has proved that the results are excellent. The vaccine is not used as a remedy, merely as a preventive, which renders the disease less liable to be contracted, and of a much less dangerous character if it is contracted.’”¹

¹“Dr. Jaffrey Prepares Serum for Influenza : Produced Vaccine Two Weeks Ago, and Hundreds Have Already Been Treated  : 12 Deaths and 80 New Cases Since Saturday – Hospital at Jockey Club Opened”

Hamilton Spectator.    October 21, 1918.

In other news, the grim news of cases and fatalities resulting from the flu continued :

“With the epidemic yet to reach its crest, Hamilton was waging desperate warfare against the influenza today. The death list took a big leap during the weekend, twelve more fatalities being registered. Eighty new cases were reported during the past twenty-four hours to the board of health, but it is admitted that this total represents only a part of the number of new cases in this city.”¹

Monday, October 21, 1918 was the day that the ban on public assemblies went into effect:

“The order of the board of health, closing as schools, public meetings, theaters and other gatherings, went into effect today. It is stated that while the board of health has the power to enact more stringent regulations, no further restrictions are at present being contemplated. The new regulations will remain in force for at least two weeks, and by that time, it is anticipated that the epidemic will have spent its force. The closing order was very gradually approved by the citizens, and inconveniences due thereto were borne without much murmuring, the attitude of the school children in this regard being very commendable.”¹

The Board of Health ban on public gatherings had originally be scheduled before the weekend, but had been changed to Monday. Whether that decision was to accommodate church leaders, or was the result of pressure by theater owners would lobbied for one more weekend of revenue before being shut down :

“The attendance at churches and Sunday schools yesterday showed a very marked decrease. In nearly all the churches, the sermon was waived, and only very short sessions of prayer were held. In Roman Catholic churches only one mass was said and vespers in the evening.

“Sunday was spent very quietly; a hush seemed to be in the city in the presence of the visitation of the virulent disease. Many citizens took advantage of the lifting of the ban on gasoline, and motored during the afternoon and evening. :²

²  “Using Vaccine in the Fight Against ‘Flu’ : Dr. Jaffrey at Hospital Isolated Germ and Found Remedy  : All Forces Unite in Fighting Plague – 13 More Deaths Reported”

Hamilton Herald.    October 21, 1918

The other board of health ruling, the one regarding open windows on Hamilton street cars was proving unpopular, particularly with the drivers and conductors:

 “The greatest discomfort has been experienced on the street cars through the board of health’s order that all windows shall be thrown open. If the city is visited by wet weather, either the order will have to be relaxed or the situation will become intolerable. In the meantime, the crews of the cars are protesting vigorously, and Ald. Hodgson stated this morning that he had learned that a big crop of retirements from the staff of the street railway company was about due. Several of the men are reported to have taken cold and now confined to their beds.”¹

In all the distress in the city, some deeply-entrenched prejudices bubbled to the surface:

 “The ignorance of a large section of the foreign population regarding the disease is pitiful, Dr. Roberts stated today. A great many are possessed of the impression that alcohol can give alleviation, and the fever combined with the alcohol often produced delirium tremens. There was a commotion at the Victoria Convalescent hospital last night when a foreign patient became delirious, and it required the efforts of several nurses to hold him down. Dr. Roberts was notified that he would have to be removed to the city hospital. The city hospital authorities were notified,, but they stated that the man could not be taken in. Then the jail was suggested, but the health officer decided that a patient could not be placed among criminals. Admission was finally secured at the general hospital. There are at present three or four cases of the D. T.’s at the hospital.”¹

The results of the effort to increase hospital accommodation as a result of the epidemic was showing results:

 “The temporary at the Jockey Club hotel, corner of Barton and Ottawa streets, which has been taken over from the east end branch of the Great War Veterans’ association by the board of health, for the accommodation of flu patients, was opened this afternoon, and will materially relieve the situation in the east end of the city, where the number of cases has been large. Since Saturday, a staff consisting of nursing sisters and workers has been employed unceasingly to put the building in shape, and wonders have been accomplished. On Saturday, there was no electricity, gas, water or heating at the hotel. All these have been put in since then. The place has been scrubbed from the top to bottom, and all things are now ready.

“Miss McBeth is in charge of the new hospital, and there is a staff of six nursing sisters. The health board was fortunate in securing the premises before the furnishings were sold, so that there were a number of double beds on hand, which, however, will be used for single beds. Twenty-five more single beds were brought from the nurses’ home on the mountain top yesterday afternoon and fitted up. Arrangements have been made for private and semi-private wards. The spacious dining room on the main floor will be converted into a public ward. The barroom may also be converted into a ward.

 “Dr. James Roberts, M.H.O., Controller Jutten, Inspector Shain and T. H. Pratt, of the hospital board, made an inspection of the new hospital this morning, and all were agreed that the board of health had made a great stroke of business in securing the hotel. T.H. Pratt was quite enthused and said that when the board of health was through with the premises, he would make a bid to secure them for an isolation hospital.

“When all arrangements are completed, the Jockey Club hotel will accommodate fifty patients. The Victoria Convalescent home, on Barton street east, at present contains 25 patients and more beds are being added.”¹

As had been the cases for many, many days, there were citizens in Hamilton working exhaustively to fight the epidemic. As usual Dr. Roberts was the one who was in the middle of everything:

“The staff of the board of health, medical men, nurses and various societies are all working like Trojans to keep pace with the epidemic. Dr. Roberts and Controller Jutten have been working unceasingly. The phones of these gentlemen were ringing late at night and into the morning during the weekend. Physicians notify the health officer by phone of distressing cases. Sometimes, it is a little child who is dangerously ill, sometimes an entire family is in distress, sometimes a patient becomes delirious and assistance has to be rendered right away. T. H. Pratt, chairman of the hospital board, is also rendering great service. He has been appointed purchasing agent in the combatting of the epidemic.

                  

 “Mayor Booker spent two or three hours yesterday in getting a line on the situation in the city after recovering from his indisposition. He paid a visit to the new hospital at the Jockey club yesterday, and expressed himself as enthusiastic over its being secured by the board of health. He wished the press to extend his congratulations to Dr. Roberts, and further stated that in his opinion the place should be turned into an isolation hospital for infectious diseases when the present epidemic abates. There has been a great need of such an institution in the city.”¹

The issue of whether or not liquor should be available for influenza continued:

 “There continues to be considerable disagreement between medical authorities as to the usefulness of alcohol in the present crisis. While many physicians have been loudly condemning the use of alcohol, W. B. Graham, registrar of the Ontario College of Pharmacy, at the request of Vice-Cairman W. S. Dingman, of the Ontario license board, has sent out an appeal to druggists throughout the province who have heretofore not sold liquor, to abandon their scruples during the crisis, and fill doctors’ prescriptions that call for alcohol. Druggists are only allowed to fill prescriptions up to six ounces.”¹

There was so much tragedy and distress resulting from the epidemic. Any loss was hard to bear but when young men who had served at the Western Front returned home to great joy, but then were taken away by the influenza scourge:             

           “Citizens generally will learn with regret of the untimely death late Saturday afternoon of Lieut. George Victor Robison, only son of George W. and Mrs. Robinson, Ravenscliffe avenue, and to the sorrowing parents, a deep and sincere sympathy will be extended.

“Of a particularly lovable and unassuming disposition, which had endeared him to a host of warm friends, Victor Robinson’s passing removes from the young life of the city one who was at the very threshold of a career of exceptional promise. On his entering the department store of which his father is the head, his association with the management of the business soon proved that he was possessed of the qualities that makes for business success, and it is certain that he would, had he been spared, follow in the family traditions by attaining prominence in the mercantile world.

“Lieut. Robinson was born in Galt 23 years ago, but the greater part of his life had been spent in this city. He was educated at Highfield school, afterwards entering the employ of the G. W. Robinson company and becoming associated with the management of the business.

“About two and a half years ago, he became attached to the A.S.C. He had been at Petawawa with his corps and obtained four days’ leave to visit his parents prior to proceeding to Kingston in connection with his military duties. It was while at home on his leave that he contracted Spanish influenza, which rapidly developed into pneumonia, terminating fatally on Saturday.

“Besides his parents, two sisters are left to mourn his death, Mrs. R. P. McBride, Charlton apartments, this city, and Mrs. W. Vair, Galt.

“Speaking of Victor Robinson, J. H. Collinson said:

          ‘Victor Robison was at Highfield for six years and was the contemporary of many who have given their service, and their lives, for the empire. Like all the others, he was imbued with the spirit of patriotism which surged within him from the very beginning of the war. From the first, he longed to do his part, and he was not happy until he was wearing the khaki. His disappointment at being refused for overseas service was intense, and when he had to relinquish his duties for a time to take a necessary rest, he expressed envy for those who were privileged to make the great sacrifice at the front. His spirit was as true and his service as complete as though he had died on the field of battle. He did his duty nobly to the every end, and was worthy to join the gallant throng of brave souls who have saved a world from wrong.^”3

³“Lieut. G. V. Robison Called By Death : Influenza Cut Off Another Fine Life  : Young Officer Home On Leave When Stricken”

Hamilton Spectator.    October 21, 1918.

Spanish Influenza - Hamilton Ontario 1918 Part 10

“Six thousand, six hundred cases of Spanish influenza have been reported in the city of Hamilton since the epidemic first became prevalent, it was announced at the headquarters of the board of health today. During the past week, there were 462 cases reported, and 40 within the past 24 hours. There were six deaths reported within the same space of time. The scourge still shows no signs of abatement.”

Hamilton Spectator. October 19, 1918.

The bad news just kept coming, although it was thankfully leavened with stories of how Hamiltonians were responding to the needs of their fellow citizens.

As another indication of the conflict between Hamilton Medical Health Officer Roberts and the city’s physicians was a statement made by Dr. Roberts on the matter of wearing face masks:

“Dr. Roberts this morning came through with the statement that in his opinion the use of influenza masks so highly recommended by local physicians in public was not only useless, but probably harmful.

“ ‘A great many well-meaning people have been calling me up and asking me why don’t we introduce a rule that masks should be worn, the same as in Buffalo and in other cities. I will never make such a ruling,’ said Dr. Roberts. ‘The masks prevent the good old ozone from circulating through the nostrils and lungs, and that can do no good. I do not even say that using them at sick beds is not harmful. I merely say that I have no objection to them in such cases.’

“A number of Hamilton physicians are beginning to practice what they preach, and are appearing in public in their masks.”¹

¹ “6,600 Flu Cases Here Since Outbreak : Car Windows Open, Passengers Shivered ; Masks in Public Not Approved By M.H.O. : Are Useless and Probably Harmful”

Hamilton Spectator.    October 18, 1918.

Under the auspices of the Hamilton Medical Society, the city physicians made the following presentation as regards how Hamiltonians should be dealing with the influenza outbreak :

The Hamilton Medical association has given out the following statement :

“The Hamilton Medical society wishes to impress upon the citizens of Hamilton the absolute necessity for more stringent measures of protection than have yet been taken by individuals to prevent the spread of the epidemic of influenza.

“The physicians of the city have already exceeded the limits of safety in their efforts to attend to the sick. If the ranks of the physicians are depleted as a result of overwork and loss of rest, the community will suffer for want of medical assistance.

                   AVOID CROWDS

“Every effort, therefore, should be made to check the spread of the disease. It is evident that in this, as in many other diseases, there are people who are carriers of the disease; that is, that while they are themselves immune, they spread the germs among others.

“Therefore, too great care cannot be taken to avoid contact with other people, even those in apparent health.

                   USE OF MASKS URGED

“Do not go within four feet of any other person in a closed place without wearing a mask. Masks should certainly be worn in stores and street cars. Masks decrease the danger of inhaling the germs. The outside of the mask, therefore, becomes contaminated. Care should be taken to change them quickly and sterilize the used ones by boiling or ironing with a very hot iron.

“The mask is not a perfect protection, but it is of great assistance in warding off the disease. Its use, however, does not do away with the necessity for other precautions.

                    KEEP CLEAN

“Keep the face and hands clean by frequent washing. Never take food without previously washing the hands. Keep the hands from direct contact with the face and mouth.

“At the first evidence of infection, the patient should be put to bed and isolated from other members of the family. Both patients and attendants should wear masks. Patients should be kept warm and given hot lemonade or other hot drinks. A good dose of laxative, such as castor oil, should be administered promptly. Patients should not become alarmed at this stage, as rest and quiet are more important than medicines.

“If the above directions are followed, the disease may be kept within bounds and there need be no uneasiness if there is a short, unavoidable delay in securing the attendance of a physician.

“Convalescents must remain in bed for three days after the temperature is normal, in order to avoid serious complications and to minimize the danger of spreading the disease.”2

²“How You May Help Check ‘Flu’ Epidemic : Doctors of Hamilton Say More Stringent Steps Are Necessary”

Hamilton Herald.    October 18, 1918.

Medical Health Officer Roberts had issued an order that affected everyone riding in the city’s electric street cars :

 “ ‘They have been calling for better ventilation of the street cars, and now they are going to have it, good and plenty,’ said Dr. Roberts this morning, referring to the order that windows in the street cars should be opened on both sides. Patrons of the street cars this morning were given their first experience of the fresh air treatment, and came to the unanimous decision that the company might as well bring out the summer cars.

“George Waller, of the Dominion Power and Transmission company, called at the board of health offices this morning to see whether the company was allowed to keep the front vestibules of the cars closed for the benefit of the motormen.

“ ‘Our motormen would freeze at their posts if the windows weren’t closed,’ said Mr. Waller. ‘There is a great deal of discomfort through the order, but the patrons and employees are enduring without complaint.’²

There was a major depiction of what the local branch of the Canadian Patriotic Fund was doing to help the families of Hamilton soldiers serving overseas :

 “Something in the way of a record in the preparation of an emergency hospital has been created in the establishment of a completely-equipped 24-bed hospital of three wards at Ballinahinch, Upper James street, by the relief committee of the Canadian Patriotic fund.

“At noon on Tuesday, the chairman of that committee, A. H. Lovering, received from the trustees of the property permission to use it, free of rental. On Friday evening, everything pertaining to the needs of such an institution was in place, even to the sign on the gate, ‘Canadian Patriotic fund relief hospital. No visitors.’ To install water, gas, telephone, wash, dust and clean the extensive premises long unoccupied, provide range, kitchen utensils, glass, china and silverware, coal and wood, repair defective plumbing, provide beds and bedding for wards’ and assistants’ rooms, medical and surgical supplies, stationery, forms, charts, arrange for helpers, nurses and V.A.D.’s in 60 hours meant energy and much executive ability and co-operation on the part of many persons who,  working with enthusiasm, made the seemingly impossible task possible, and today will see some dependents of Hamilton’s men overseas, who have been the unfortunate victims of the existing epidemic, in exceedingly comfortable surroundings, in charge of trained nurses, who hope to bring them back to health through the prompt of their good friends, the Canadian Patriotic fund of Hamilton, the only branch of that fund which has in the present emergency undertaken the not inconsiderable task and expense involved. This relief hospital, which is for the reception of the dependents of men overseas or returned who are in the charge of the Patriotic fund only and who are suffering from Spanish influenza., is splendidly housed in the handsome and stately mansion for many years the home of the late Edward Martin, K.C. The former drawing room with a splendid southern exposure; the dining room and large living room, are fitted up as wards, the latter being provided with cots for little children. Twenty of the beds have been loaned by the militia department, together with the regulation bedding, which has been amplified by the local Canadian Red Cross society, which, with the Secours National, has stocked the linen room and supplied many ward necessities. The library is now the office of the nurse in charge, Miss N. P. Pegg, who has associated with her Mrs. H. G. Snow, Miss Mary Clark, Miss Galvin and Mrs. S. B. Thompson, all graduate nurses. Two bedrooms are fitted up for the nurses in residence, and a small isolate ward is also provided on the upper floor.

          “The kitchen and pantries will be in charge of Miss F. E. Garden and Miss Campbell, instructors in domestic science. The kindly response to the requests of Mr. Cyrus Birge, president, and Mr. Lovering, chairman of the fund, has been unanimous, ‘not one refusal’ being their report, and many volunteers, offers of assistance are filed for future acceptance. These gentlemen who have their given time to such a good purpose have obtained the necessary encouragement from the staff of nurses and assistants who have displayed exceptional and inspiring interest in the undertaking, and from those furnishing advice, assistance and the many and varied supplies.

“The officers of M.D., No. 2, Mrs. P. J. Myler and Mrs. W. A. Spratt for the Canadian Red Cross society, Miss Lovering, Mrs. Whitton, Mrs. Birge of Secors National, the Green furniture company limited, the Right House, James Crawford, Benson Johnson Limited, Reid Press limited, Drs. W. F. Langrill and Huerner Mullin, Mrs, G. Gilles and others have been of most material help and were in a large measure responsible for the general result.

“The Queen’s Canadian hospital committee have sent to Mr. Lovering a donation of $50 to cover extraordinary expenses and Mrs. Spratt and the other mentioned organizations have assumed responsibility for various needs, while the hospital exists.

 “The Hamilton Medical association will provide an advisory committee, and with the nurses and Mrs. AR. Hendrie, Misses F.E. Barker, Leslie Sutherland, Geraldine Grantham, Miss Rousseaux, Miss Husband and other V.A.D.’s the welfare of patients would seem to be assured. Should the epidemic spread amongst the class for whom this splendid emergency hospital has been created, the gentlemen responsible for its opening and equipment will have given a further and substantial evidence of the capabilities of the relief committee of Hamilton Patriotic fund, and will have done a great good for those in their charge. The expense of supplies and maintenance, which will be considerable notwithstanding, voluntary service of the assistants and nurses will be borne by the patriotic fund.”³

³ “Hospital Was Fitted Up in Record Time : Ballinahinch Now Ready For ‘Flu’ Patients : Twenty Beds Loaned to the Militia Authorities : Advisory Committee From Medical Council”

Hamilton Spectator.    October 19, 1918.

Finally, a series of brief items from the day’s news on the influenza front:

 “A meeting of the board of health was held this morning, at which plans were made for the organization of a local branch of the Ontario Emergency Voluntary Health auxiliary, which has been authorized by the provincial board of health. It was decided to hold an organization meeting at the city hall on Monday afternoon at 4 o’clock, at which all citizens who have the interests of the public health at heart are asked to attend. It was stated that the meeting does not come under the prohibitions of the board of health, as it is directly incidental to the stamping out of the disease.

“Controller Jutten returned from Toronto yesterday, having completed arrangements for the improvised ambulance to take patients to the hospitals. The controller first borrowed a Ford chassis, and went to Toronto where he purchased a body. The ambulance will be in use on Monday.

“The Jockey club temporary hospital will be opened on Monday, according to T.H. Pratt, chairman of the hospital board. Arrangements are being made for the placing of a good nursing staff at the institution.

 “Among many other pathetic cases of distress reported at the board of health office was one this morning in which a whole family was suffering from the influenza. Arrangements were made for the relief of the family.

“The school at the Beach was closed yesterday until further notice. The sandstrip has remained fairly free from the epidemic and no cases have been reported among the school children, but the authorities decided that it would be well to close the school as a precaution.

“There are at present nearly sixty cases in St. Joseph’s hospital and one death occurred this morning.”³